Magazine 2013
International Peer-Reviewed Journal
RH, VOL. 3 JULY 2013
Human Deleopment Stretegy
In India :A New Paradigm
Beenu Singh
A
ABSTRACT
Development represents a transformation of society, a movement from traditional relations, traditional
way of thinking, traditional way of dealing with health and education, traditional methods to production to
more modern way. This paper examines India’s development strategy, and what extent it has be considered
a success. Account of the size of its population, its cultural and religious diversity, and its wager on
universal suffrage at the time of Independence in 1947, India has always been central to the debate on
growth poverty, inequality, and human development. India’s rapid economic growth since the 1980s has
stimulated further global interest in understanding its complex society. This paper considers the extent to
which the strategy remains viable for the future, the challenges still faced, and what other strategies’
might required. This paper argues that to provide convincing explanations to this association we need to
improve our theoretical and analytic framework in some key areas. There are nature of human development
strategy and especially the rational for the specific list of human development practices, the nature of
human development performance and linkage between human development and performace.Human
development strategy is productive investment embodies in human persons. These include
skills,abilities,ideals,health,etc,that results from expenditures on education, on the top training
programms,and medical care are very important aspect of human development strategy. The locus of
intellectual influence on human development thinking is rapidly shifting from first and second world to
third world these nations must find the ultimate answer and formulate appropriate strategy.
Keywords - Analytical Framework, Broad Spectrum, Human Development Strategy, Inequality.
Introduction
Everything around you that you call life was made by people that were no smarter than you. And you
“
can change it. You can influence it. Once you learn that, you’ll never be the same again.” (Steve Jobs)
On account of the size of its population, its cultural and religious diversity, and its wager on universal
suffrage at the time of Independence in 1947, India has always been central to the debate on growth poverty,
inequality, and human development. India’s rapid economic growth since the 1980s has stimulated further
global interest in understanding its complex society.
The human development paradigm is concerned both with building human capabilities (through investment
in people) and with using those human capabilities more fully (through an enabling framework for growth and
employment). Human development has four essential pillars: equality, sustainability, productivity and
empowerment. It regards economic growth as essential, but emphasizes the need to pay attention to its
quality and distribution, analyses at length its link with human lives and questions its long-term sustainability.
Human development strategy is productive investment embodies in human persons. These include
skills,abilities,ideals,health,etc,that results from expenditures on education, on the top training programms,and
medical care are very important aspect of human development strategy. The locus of intellectual influence on
human development thinking is rapidly shifting from first and second world to third world these nations must
1
find the ultimate answer and formulate appropriate strategy.
‘Development’ as a multi-dimensional and multi-sectoral process, involving social, economic and political
change aimed at improving people’s lives. Development processes use and manage natural resources to
satisfy human needs and improve people’s quality of life.
The essential features of a human development strategy Which regards human development as the end
or objective of development. It is a way to fulfil the potential of people by enlarging their capabilities, and this
necessarily implies empowerment of people, enabling them to participate actively in their own Development.
Human development is also a means since it enhances the skills, Knowledge, productivity and inventiveness of
people through a process of human capital Formation broadly conceived. Human development is thus a
people centred strategy, not a Goods centred or production centred strategy of development. Human
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RH, VOL. 3 JULY 2013
development is the ultimate objective of economic development. It is also a Means-arguably the best means
available — for promoting development.
Purpose – This study was mainly planned to evaluate and compare the HDI of India and Norway relating
to government policies and their implications and find out loopholes and to know what kind of policy are there
to improve the conditions of our people.
The Objectives Of The Study Are:
•
•
•
To know the meaning of human development strategy and its indicators.
To study the problems faced in India why India is far behind comparative to developed countries.
What are the main suggestions for improving human development .It aims to provide solution to enhance
the human development on basis of descriptive study.
Design/methodology/approach – All the research work and findings are based on secondary data and
information published by United Nations Human Development Index , Economic Survey and different sites of
Internet. Study is descriptive and investigative in nature to explain in details.
Research Limitations -
1
.
The study is limited to theoretical – cum – published articles regarding nature and movement of country
because it is a vast.
2
.
The findings and suggestions are only recommendatory in nature and subject to policy makers and
political condition of the country.
Relevance to Study
The present paper focus of the causes and cures of mass human development strategy in India. The
outcome of the research will have major significance and influence to policy makers. The research is also useful
to government authorities to find out the reseans for the slow pace of human development. Since this study is
based on secondary data, it will provide broad spectrum of human development stretagy.Thus the research
will have immense significance to the policy maker of country, along with government authorities and International
organizations. The research under study has interdisciplinary relevance and the result or the findings of the
research can be useful and applicable to other disciplines such as Management, Commerce, Human Resource
Management and Development Economics.
Human development
Human development approach has numerous advantages:
•
•
•
•
•
It contributes directly to the well being of people.
It builds from a foundation of equality of opportunity.
It helps to create a more equal distribution of the benefits of development
It enables the linkages between the various types of investment in people to be fully exploited and
It takes advantage of the complementarities between human and physical capital.
2
The Human Development index
Each year since 1990 the Human Development Report has published the Human Development
Index(HDI)which was introduced as an alternative to conventional measures of development, such as level of
income and the rate of Economic growth. The HDI represents a push for a broader definition of well-being and
provides a composite measure of three basic dimensions of human development;health,education and
income.Norvey,s HDI is highest which gives the country a rank of 1 out of 187 countries with comparable data.I
has took India and Norvey,s HDI ranking of some important economic development indicators-
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS OF INDIA AND NORVEY (YEAR 20010-2011)
INDICATORS
H.D.I.RANK
NORVEY
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INDIA( 2009 )
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ADJUSTED NET SAVINGS
12.8
100
24%
ADULT LITERACY
62.8
65.9
ADOLSCENT FERTILITY RATE
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION PER CAPITA
CHANGE IN FOREST CAPITAL
COMBINED GROSS ENROLMENT IN EDUCATION
EDUCATION INDEX
9.0
8.2
1.5
32.95
96.9
0.985
69.92
9.4%
32.95
47557
81.1
0.083
7
6.6
62.6
0.450
01.9
ECOLOGICL FOOTPRINT OF CONSUMPTION
EXPENDITURE ON PUBLIC HEALTH
FOREST AREA
10
0.717
23%
11
12
GDP PER CAPITA
3468
13
LIFE EXPECTANCY
65.4
14
METERNAL MORTLITY RATIO
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
0.645
3.14%of GDP
0.119
15
16
SHARE IN PARLIAMENT, FEMALE :MALE RATIO
0.65
1
Source -Human development index 2010-2011
According to above details we can observe that India is far behind comparative to developed countries
therefore we can suggest and adopt some human development strategy that are mentioned blow-
•
Property Rights &Tenure Security- Access to land defines the existence of many poor people. Article
17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes property rights as a fundamental human right. The
focus on property rights, as envisaged in the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor report, on the
one hand seeks to expand the legal protection of assets of the poor and on the other, promote the access to
property by the poor.
•
Rights To Livelihood & Enterpreneurship- Rights and protection required to support self-employment,
start businesses and become a micro-entrepreneur – as derived from existing rights, including political, civil,
economic and social ones – are essential for the livelihoods of the poor An effective legal system, local
government institutions and services that are more open, accessible, accountable and have legitimacy, are
key for a more inclusive society and empowerment of the poor.
•
Labour Rights-One of poor people’s greatest assets is their ability to work. Yet most of the world’s poor
work in the informal economy in badly paid jobs, struggling to carve out a decent living. With this in mind,
UNDP’s legal empowerment of the poor work encourages more inclusive labour standards and rights – both
nationally and internationally – while advocating for more productive and decent jobs.
•
Rules Of Law And Access To Justice -The legal system can play an important role in supporting
poverty eradication by helping poor people to access the appropriate mix of rights and remedies. However,
laws that discriminate against, or ignore, the rights and livelihoods of the poor can pose serious obstacles to
the eradication of poverty. In such contexts, law and justice sector reforms can provide the foundation for
protection and incentives to enable poor people to realize the full value of their human and physical capital
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•
Human Rights Based Approach And Water Governance -Water governance is about the political,
social, economic and administrative systems that determine who gets what water when and how. A human
rights based approach (HRBA) emphasizes both development outcomes and the process by which rights are
realized. The HRBA focus on process and its foundation in the core principles of equality and non-discrimination,
participation, and accountability offer one concrete way to work with improving water governance.
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Millenium Development Goals - The Goals Are:
1.
Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger,
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Achieving universal primary education,
Promoting gender equality and empowering women,
Reducing child mortality rates,
Improving maternal health,
Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases,
Ensuring environmental sustainability, and
Developing a global partnership for development.
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Mandatory Disclosure Of Assets - Mandatory reporting of assets held by individuals abroad and re-opening
of I-T return filings up to 16 years are among the steps being proposed by the government to tackle the
menace of blackmoney.”I propose a series of measures to deter the generation and use of unaccounted
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money,” Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee said while presenting the Budget for 2012-13 today. The government
has also proposed slapping a tax of 30 per cent on undisclosed money, credits, investments and expenditures.1
STRENGTHING RTI- Now titled the Right to Information Act, became a law in 2005. The provisions of the Act
give rise to several communication issues. The public needs to be made aware of its right to seek information
from the government, and the administration on its part has to be reassured that the Act is pro-government
enhancing accountability and bringing people closer to governmental processes..
Real And Meaning Full Decentralization - In an era of globalization decentralization is the principal
countervailing trend which can ensure that the growth process is pro –poor ,pro-women,pro-nature and pro –
jobs.In order to transform present realities,it is imperative to strengthen decentralization from blow,so that
voices of the poor could carry weight in village assembles and ward council meetings.
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Flexible Rolling Plan- Fifth FYP was launched and planned for period 1974-79 but Janata government came
in power in 1978 and ended the plan prematurely in 1978. The Janata government launched sixth FYP for
period 1978-1983. Congress government when came in power in 1980 abandoned the sixth FYP and launched
a new sixth FYP for period 1980-1985. The plan for period, 1978-80, is called the rolling plan. Therefore FYP
should be flexible for achieving goals.
Political Will - Although lack of political will is repeatedly cited as a major obstacle to human development
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goals, it is surprisingly under-analyzed and little understood .Hammenger (1998, 12) calls political will “the
slipperiest concept in the policy lexicon,” while Evans (2000) concludes that the difficulty with most discussions
of political will is that we spend more time lamenting its absence than analyzing what it means.
Removal Of Restrictions On Praivate Sector —According to Amit Bhandari(2008)”It is not the invisibal hand
of the market and the neo liberal agenda,always speaking of privatization, that cn eradicate poverty,establish
food security,ensure universal , access of health care education and affordable housing and reduce equality
and strengthen human development.
Community Development - NGO,s have to play very important role for strengthening People India’s Community
Development Projects that are about fighting with some of very poor people, developing the skills, knowledge
and experience of people as individuals and in groups, thus enabling them to undertake initiatives of their own
to combat social, economic, political and environmental problems in their communities, and enabling them to
fully participate in a truly democratic process.
Low Skilled Job Creation -. Within the last four to six years, low-skilled workers, including high school
dropouts, have raised their employment levels substantially. Another likely reason is that the number of dropouts
entering the labour force has been entirely offset by high school dropouts leaving the market as older, less-
educated workers retire. In the coming decade, the demographic shifts will be less favourable for low-skilled
workers.
Use Of State Owned Enterprises - State owned (SOEs), in general, have not been successful. Their indifferent
performance has been at the center of the debate about the role of the state in the economy. To economists,
the performance of SOEs is evidence of what is wrong with state intervention. And in recent years privatization
has increasingly been regarded as the only way of improving the performance of SOEs. But India is developing
country so for socio-Economic development of the country use of state owned sector like health and education
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Continous Education - The goal of continuous education is to offer courses to a large number of participants
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across the country . Each course is offered through video broadcast lectures supported by course handbook.
The broadcast is through satellite transmission to a large number of registered Remote Centers (RCs). Each
RC projects the lectures on the screen, in a classroom for up to fifty participants guided by a local supervisor.
Participants have the opportunity to ask questions during the lecture, which can be immediately answered by
the distant instructor, as in a real classroom.It will be great help for human development.
Enabling Business Environment - India was, for a while, the world’s second fastest growing economy, but its
growth engine has been faltering in the recent period. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasts a
growth of 4.9 per cent for 2012 due to internal structural sluggishness and a sputtering global recovery. It
describes the country’s business scenario as “unusually uncertain” amidst waning business confidence, slow
approval of new projects and sluggish structural reforms.
Improved Safety, Security & Risk Coverage - Social protection is an expensive and difficult endeavor, by any
means; the question remains how best to implement programs that effectively aid the people who need it the
most. Currently, there are a number of mechanisms that provide social protection in various nations. In some
nations, governments are strongly involved in the provision of social protection, following a developmentalism
model, in which social protection is seen as a tool to promote economic growth.
Real And Meaning Full Decentralization - We expect decentralization to bring decision-making governance
closer to the people/citizens. Donors use this rationale to push governments, mainly in developing countries,
to devolve central power and authority towards strengthening civic engagement in local governance processes.
Sustainable Development - Sustainable development, at present time is a most concern phenomena. Globally
every country including most developing country like India and China thinks very much about it because they
realise that their future generation must be suffer to lack of resources which is obviously most central to survive.
This phenomenon comes after Second World War. The concept of sustainable development is not related only
future generation but also with the present generation.
Access to finance capital In many developing countries the most prominent feature of the capital market
is its structural dualism, i.e., its division in two parts, a formal and an informal sector. The formal financial sector
contains commercial banks, insurance companies, perhaps a stock market, a government established and
operated development bank, and perhaps a housing finance institution. These institutions cater to the needs of
large, well established industrial and service enterprises (domestic and foreign), the wealthy (for personal
loans), the upper middle class (in the case of mortgages) and, in the rural areas, large farmers, ranchers and
plantation companies.
Land, natural capital and comparative advantage—When designing a human development strategy, it is
not enough to scrutinize labour and capital markets for possible malfunctioning; other markets should also be
examined, particularly markets that supply widely used inputs that influence the structure of costs in a variety
of economic activities.
Human capital and dynamic comparative advantage
Some developing countries may be endowed with an abundance of natural resources, but the costs
associated with trying to exploit this comparative advantage for international trade have invariably been
underestimated. Most development economists have become convinced that the formation of human capital
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is important, perhaps even central, to that development effort in poor countries. When the true domestic
opportunity costs of environmental degradation have been ascertained, many countries may not indeed be
blessed with a real comparative advantage, certainly not at the rate at which they are exploiting their natural
capital.
The Shape Of The Education Pyramid
The education sector absorbs more public resources than any other human development activity in
developing countries and the issues raised in allocating tax revenues to education are similar to those that
arise in other sectors. Thus it should be possible to apply our analysis to other expenditure programmes with
only minor modifications. Formal education, however, is only one way people acquire knowledge.
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As with education, so too in health: there is an inverted expenditure pyramid in most developing countries .
About three-quarters of all public expenditure on health is for expensive medical care that benefits a small
minority of the population living in the urban areas.
Decentralization and empowerment
It goes without saying that a human development strategy cannot be implemented if the revenues
available to the government from domestic and foreign sources are inadequate. In addition, human development
requires a public administration that is well adapted to the strategy and capable of implementing the tasks for
which it is responsible.
Structural reforms and safety nets
Small number of structural reforms are guaranteed employment, an equitable distribution of productive
1
assets , food security and nutrition, and economic security and welfare. These structural reforms are not substitutes
for reforms of incentives and government spending, they are complementary to them. In combination they
should go a long way toward ensuring that all members of society have opportunities to fulfil their potential as
human
Guaranteed employment
2
Employment is fundamental to a human development strategy . Employment provides people with a
source of income, it contributes to the output of goods and services and it gives workers a sense of dignity by
enabling them to participate in the activities of the community and to contribute something of value. Equally
important, employment is necessary to reap the full benefits of investment in human capital.
Food security
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Food security is of course essential for life and even where there is enough food to prevent death by
starvation, individuals may not consume sufficient food to enable them to lead a full life or achieve their
maximum productivity. Thus food security, and specifically adequate nutrition, is one of the ends of human
development while also being a means to human development.
Conclusion
The goal of human development is to help people realize their own potential, to develop their intellectual,
technical and organizational capabilities. Thus human development inescapably is development by the people
if it is to be development for the people. In order to fulfil their potential people must participate actively in
constructing their own autonomous, democratic organizations, including of course their political organizations.
Political empowerment is an integral aspect of participatory development. Those from outside the community—
whether representatives of government or non-governmental organizations—who help people construct their
grass roots institutions can be most effective when they function chiefly as facilitators, catalysts or animators.
An activist state can encourage or animate human development but it cannot engineer it. That must be done
by the people themselves and experience suggests that direct democracy at the local level is the best way to
foster it. We can say that urgent global challenges of sustainability and equity must be addressed together –
and identifies policies on the national and global level that could spur mutually reinforcing progress towards
these interlinked goals. We need to add analysis and understanding of politics, interest and political movements.
References
1
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www.networkideas.org/networkideas/pdfs/macroeconomic_policy.pdf.
indiankanoon.org/doc/1937144.
2
3
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The Times of India,26Dec.2012 article by Udit Prasanna Mukharji”India needs to cultivate its food security
and plan for 2020:ASSOCHAM STUDY.
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